Display System with Clock-Dropping to Compensate for Lamp Variations and for Phase Locking of Free Running Sequencer

ABSTRACT

A display system includes a light source  110  and a spatial light modulator  122  located to receive light from the light source. The spatial light modulator (e.g., a DMD) includes a number of independently controllable elements that are activated for a period of time to display light of a desired brightness. A light sensor  136  is located to determine a characteristic of light from the light source  110.  A control circuit  126  is coupled to the spatial light modulator  122  and controls the period of time that the independently controllable elements are activated. This period of time is based at least in part by an input received from the light sensor  136.

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No.60/387,857, filed on Jun. 11, 2002, entitled “Control electronics,”which application is hereby incorporated herein by reference.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application relates to the following co-pending and commonlyassigned patent applications: Patent or Serial No. Filing Date IssueDate 10/028,023 Dec. 21, 2001                     (TI-34705)concurrently                     5,912,712 May 11, 1998 Jun. 15, 1999

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates generally to display systems and thepreferred embodiment relates to a display system with clock-dropping tocompensate for lamp variations.

BACKGROUND

One technology that is used for display systems is based on a digitalmicromirror device or DMD. Such systems are commercially available fromTexas Instruments, Inc. under the trademark DLP™ (Digital LightProcessing). Referring to FIG. 1, an example of a DMD system 10 isillustrated, wherein the light from a light source 11 is applied througha first condenser lens 13 and through a color wheel 15, which willtypically rotate at least once per frame of the image to be displayed.The light passing through the color wheel 15 passes through a secondcondenser lens 17 onto a DMD chip 19. The DMD chip includes an array (onthe order of one million) of tiny mirror elements, or micro-mirors,where each mirror element is hinged by a torsion hinge and support postabove a memory cell of a CMOS static RAM as shown in FIG. 2.

FIG. 2 shows a portion of a typical DMD array 19 having mirror elements21 suspended over a substrate 23. Electrostatic attraction between themirror 21 and an address electrode 25 causes the mirror to twist orpivot, in either of two directions, about an axis formed by a pair oftorsion beam hinges 27 a and 27 b. typically, the mirror rotates aboutthese hinges until the rotation is mechanically stopped. The movablemicro-mirror tilts into the on or off states by electrostatic forcesdepending on the data written to the cell. The tilt of the mirror is onthe order of plus 10 degrees (on) or minus 10 degrees (off) to modulatethe light that is incident on the surface. For additional details, seeU.S. Pat. No. 5,061,049 entitled “Spatial Light Modulator” and U.S. Pat.No. 5,280,277 entitled “Field Updated Deformable mirror Device,” both byLarry J. Hornbeck.

Referring again to FIG. 1, the light reflected from any of the mirrorsmay pass through a projection lens 29 and create images on the screen31. The DMD's are controlled by electronic circuitry fabricated on thesilicon substrate 23 under the DMD array. The circuitry includes anarray of memory cells, typically one memory cell for each DMD element,connected to the address electrodes 25. The output of a memory cell isconnected to one of the two address electrodes and the inverted outputof a memory cell is connected to the other address electrode.

Data is provided by a timing and control circuit 33 determined fromsignal processing circuitry and an image source indicated at 35. Oncedata is written to each memory cell in the array, a voltage is appliedto the DMD mirrors 21 creating a large enough voltage differentialbetween the mirrors 21 and the address electrodes 25 to cause the mirrorto rotate or tilt in the direction of the greatest voltage potential.Since the electrostatic attraction grows stronger as the mirror isrotated near an address electrode, the memory cell contents may bechanged without altering the position of the mirrors once the mirrorsare fully rotated. Thus, the memory cells may be loaded with new datawhile the array is displaying previous data.

The intensity of each color displayed on the screen 31 is determined bythe amount of time the mirror 21 corresponding a particular pixeldirects light toward screen 31. For example, each pixel may have 256intensity levels for each color (e.g., red, green or blue). If the colorlevel selected for a particular pixel at a particular time is 128, thenthe corresponding mirror would direct light toward that area of screen31 for ½ (e.g., 128/256) of the frame time.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In one aspect, the present invention provides a way to compensate forvariations in the lamp intensity. For example, when light source 11(FIG. 1) is an AC arc lamp, the light intensity output by the lamp willnot be constant. The preferred embodiment provides a way to compensatefor these variations. This compensation method can be used in systemsthat use DMDs as well as other spatial light modulator such as liquidcrystal displays (LCDs), Actuated mirror Arrays™, grating light valves,and plasma display panels.

In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, adisplay system includes a light source and a spatial light modulatorlocated to receive light from the light source. The spatial lightmodulator (e.g., a DMD) includes a number of independently controllableelements that are activated for a period of time to display light of adesired brightness. A light sensor is located to determine acharacteristics of light from the light source. A control circuit iscoupled to the spatial light modulator and controls the period of timethat the independently controllable elements are activated. This periodof time is based at least in part by an input received from the lightsensor.

A spatial light modulator receives light from the color wheel anddirects modulated light to a display. A memory device provides the imagedata to the spatial light modulator. An integrated circuit is coupled tothe spatial light modulator to control the timing and duration of lightdirected from the spatial light modulator to the display. The integratedcircuit receives information from the light sensor, e.g., to helpdetermine the timing and duration.

The present invention also includes a method of displaying pixel data.Image data is received. An activation duration for each element in aspatial light modulator element is determined based upon the receivedimage data. A characteristic of light used to display the pixel data ismeasured and the activation duration is modified based upon the measuredcharacteristic. The spatial light modulator elements are then activatedfor the modified duration.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

For a more complete understanding of the present invention, and theadvantages thereof, reference is now made to the following descriptionstaken in conjunction with the accompanying drawing, in which:

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a conventional DMD-based display system;

FIG. 2 is a view of an array of DMD mirrors;

FIG. 3 is a first embodiment system of the present invention;

FIG. 4 is a second embodiment system of the present invention;

FIG. 5 is a more detailed view of the system of FIG. 3;

FIG. 6 shows an example of a transient waveform from an AC lamp; and

FIGS. 7 and 8 provide details of an exemplary implementation of theclock-dropping scheme of the preferred embodiment of the presentinvention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS

The making and using of the presently preferred embodiments arediscussed in detail below. It should be appreciated, however, that thepresent invention provides many applicable inventive concepts that canbe embodied in a wide variety of specific contexts. The specificembodiments discussed are merely illustrative of specific ways to makeand use the invention, and do not limit the scope of the invention.

FIG. 3 shows a basic display system 100 that can utilize aspects of thepresent invention. System 100 includes a light source 110, such as anarc lamp. The light source preferably generates a full spectrum ofvisible light. This light is transmitted to an integrator rod 112, whichprovides the light to color wheel 114. Light of the desired color isthen provided to optics portion 116. In this illustration, the opticsportion is shown to include a first lens 118 and a second lens 120.Other optics could alternatively be used.

The light is then transmitted to DMD 122. The light from the DMD 122 isprovided to projection lens 124, where it can be focused for visualdisplay. The DMD 122 is controlled by control electronics label 126.This block 126 provides the image data and the control signals thatdrive the DMD 122.

The preferred embodiment of the present invention is described hereinwith respect to a DMD-based display system. In other words, the spatiallight modulator 122 is implemented using at least one DMD device. Inother embodiments, the spatial light modulator 122 could be liquidcrystal cells, Actuated Mirror Arrays™, grating light valves, and plasmadisplay panels.

FIG. 4 provides an example system that includes three DMD devices 122 a,122 b, and 122 c (collectively referred to as 122). In this example,light emitted from light source 110 is split by optics so that a singlecolor is emitted to each DMD 122. For example, DMD 122 a can receive redlight while DMD 122 b receives blue light and DMD 122 c receives greenlight. This splitting is accomplished by color-splitting prisms 128 and130 and mirors 132 and 134.

The present invention could also be implemented in a system thatincludes two spatial light modulators. Such a system is described inU.S. Pat. No. 5,612,753 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,905,545, both of which areincorporated herein by reference.

The embodiments of FIGS. 3 and 4 both include a light sensor 136. Thelight sensor 136 measures the intensity of light being emitted fromlight source 110 and provides an indication of the results of thismeasurement to electronics block 126. As will be described in greaterdetail below, the electronics block 126 can vary the signals provided toDMD 122 to compensate for variations in the light emitted from the lightsource 122.

In the illustrated embodiments, sensor 136 is located adjacent lightsource 110. In this embodiment, the sensor will measure the intensity of“white” light. In other embodiments, the sensor 136 can measure theintensity of each of the colored light (e.g., red, green, blue)separately. For example, the sensor 136 could be placed between thecolor wheel 114 and the DMDs 122 in the example of FIG. 3. In anotherexample, three sensors could be used with the embodiment of FIG. 4. Eachof these sensors would measure light going to one of the DMDs 122.

FIG. 5 shows a block diagram of electronics 126 that drive the system100 of FIG. 3. Further details of a particular embodiment are describedin co-pending application Ser. No. ______ (TI-34705) entitled“Constant-Weight Bit-Slice PWM Method and System for Scrolling ColorDisplay Systems,” which application is incorporated herein by reference.

Referring now to FIG. 5, the system 126 includes a video source 138. Inthe preferred embodiment, this source provides digital RGB video orgraphics. This information could have been received from any of a numberof places including a computer, a set-top box for cable or satellitetelevision, a television antenna or many other sources. The signalsprovide to video source 138 can be either analog or digital. If ananalog signal is received by system 126, the digital video source 138would likely include an analog-to-digital converter.

Video source 138 provides image data to processing circuitry 140. Theprocessing circuitry 140 will process the data to put it in the properformat and/or to otherwise modify characteristics of the image to bedisplayed. Specific examples of processing circuitry include digammacircuitry, color hue correction circuitry, secondary color boost/spokelight recapture circuitry, blue noise spatial temporal multiplexing(STM) circuitry, and noise-free boundary dispersion circuitry. If thevideo source 138 provides analog image data, then the processingcircuitry 140 would also include an analog-to-digital converter.

The image data from the processing circuitry 140 is provided to a dataarranger 142, which can be referred to as a SuperMux. The SuperMux 142arranges the pixel data in the proper patterns to be displayed by theDMD 122. In one embodiment, the DMD 122 displays multiple colors at anygiven time. One function of the SuperMux 142 is to rearrange this dataso that DMD 122 is configured to display the proper colors at the propertimes.

Graphics RAM 144 receives the image data from the SuperMux 132 andprovides this data to the DMD 122. The graphics RAM 144 is preferably adynamic random access memory array. For example, graphics RAM 144 can bea double data rate synchronous random access memory.

Video source 138 also provides control signals to SuperMux 142 andprocessor 146. Processor 146 may be a microprocessor or other processingcircuit that manipulates the timing and other control signals. Processor146 is coupled to sequencer 148, which controls timing of the rotationof the DMD mirrors. In the preferred embodiment, sequencer 148 is aspecialized processor that executes code to control the on-times of thevarious mirrors to generate the bit weights. The sequencer 148 alsocomprehends the three colors. Further details of the sequencer timingwill be described below.

The system 126 has been illustrated to include six functional blocks(plus DMD 122). It is understood, however, that the delineation ofparticular functions is somewhat arbitrary and that each of thesefunctions could be performed in one or more different integratedcircuits. The functional blocks are labeled here for purposes ofillustration and several of the functions can be combined or separatedin various circuits or other functional units.

One type of display system uses a single DMD 122 with the illuminationlight applied in a color sequential manner (calledfield-sequential-color or FSC). A rotating color wheel 114 is typicallyused. Light is applied as red (R) then green (G) then blue (B) (or anyother order) with each color sequentially applied so that the colorcompletely fills the DMD. In another system, scrolling color (SC) opticsare used. In this system, multiple colors (e.g., red, green, blue andwhite) are displayed simultaneously, with bands of each color“scrolling” down (or up) display.

In FSC projectors, the color wheel motor 150 is frequently and phaselocked to the frame rate of the image data. The motor frequency willtypically not run at the same frequency as the frame rate but rather ata fixed percentage higher (e.g., 2× faster of 1.5× faster). As the framerate varies a control loop will vary the motor speed to keep the wheel114 synchronized to the frame rate. For minimal artifact operation thismust also be done for SC display systems. For example, a 60 Hz framerate may cause the wheel 114 to spin at 90 Hz where the motor frequencyis locked at one and a half times the frame rate. Assuming 3× operation,and wheel physical segments of GWBRGWBR, then the wheel 114 rotates 1.5times per frame so that the DMD 122 sees three full sets of colors perframe.

As the frame rate varies the wheel speed will vary. For example at 62 Hzframe rate the wheel speed changes to 93 Hz. With FSC systems a set ofsequences exist that are divided into wheel rate frequency bins. Thebins are typically spaced 4 Hz apart. The sequence for the bin that theframe rate is in is then used for pulse width modulation (PWM) by thesequencer 148. Any undershoot in the sequence execution time, meaningthe sequence is running too fast, is removed by clock dropping.

In FSC systems the sequence executes over one rotation of the wheel 114and then it goes briefly idle and waits to be restarted. The restartoccurs when a signal CCINDEX from the position sensor 152 at the colorwheel 114 is toggled indicating the wheel 114 is at its startingposition. However, even with clock dropping there are still errors inthe duration of the sequence. For example, if motor jitter causes thewheel 114 to slow down slightly for one rotation then the sequence willbe completed early. With this uncertainty at the end of each sequence,the sequence is typically written so that it will complete early andthen go idle. This technique prevents a restart of a sequence before ithas completed. These idle times due to the uncertainty at the end ofeach sequence are taken up with “hanging bits.” Hanging bits can varyslightly in duration without creating significant artifacts. These bitswill keep the mirrors in their current state until the sequence isrestarted.

With the FSC approach, the idle time at the end of a sequence isvariable. It is variable because there is jitter in the restart signal.However, with SC operation no hanging bits are possible. Since allcolors and most bits are being displayed at any given time on the DMD122, the bit on-times cannot be stretched with hanging bits to take upthe variable idle time at the end of a color cycle. Therefore, with thepreferred embodiment of this invention, the sequence will “free run” atall times and no variable idle times will exist at the end of thesequence. At the completion of a color cycle, the sequence will simplycontinue to run into the next color and no restart signal is used.

With the preferred embodiment of this invention, the duration of thesequence is controlled by clock dropping that adjusts the sequence timelength to fit into each color cycle within a frame. In this manner,errors in wheel speed with respect to VSYNC are spread out over theentire frame so that no single bit-slices have an error significantenough to cause noticeable artifacts. This overall sync approach must beused because otherwise hanging bit times at end of sequences would causefixed-pattern bit-slice artifacts for the affected bit-slices withextended on-times.

Thus clock dropping is used to fit the sequence time duration tooptimally fit into the three color cycles that occur in one video inputframe. A sequencer control loop controls the sequence duration to matchthe wheel speed. A separate control loop is used to lock the wheel 114to VSYNC. The sequence duration does track the frame rate but throughthe indirect route of tracking the wheel speed. Since the wheel 114 iswhat actually applies the color bands to the DMD 122, it makes sense forthe clock dropping settings to be based on the wheel speed and not theframe rate. The clock dropping value can be updated by the controlprocessor 146 every time the color cycle index (CCINDEX) signal togglesas received from the wheel position sensor.

The sequencer 148 speeds up or slows down so that the sequence tracksthe wheel frequency and phase. Since any errors in sequence durationcause the DMD 122 loading and resetting to be out of phase with thewheel 114, clock dropping is preferably very high resolution (e.g., ableto drop 1 out of very 500 clocks) to make the small corrections neededto maintain very precise phase lock. Any mismatch in sequence durationmeans that the spoke regions of the wheel will be enlarged, when writinga sequence, since the uncertainty in the spoke position means thatlarger areas of the DMD may have mixed-color light on them. Largerspokes means more white peaking meaning a smaller white segment must beused. A smaller white segment means less screen lumens so it isimportant to have high resolution on clock dropping.

The sequencer 148 operation free runs and syncing is purely done withclock dropping under microprocessor 146 control. The microprocessor 146compares the phase of CCINDEX to signal SEQINDEX, which is output by thefree running sequencer 148, and adjusts clock-dropping circuit 154 tophase lock the sequence. Short/long sequence underrun/overrun errors areignored by the sequencer operation and errors are absorbed into spokesizes as additional wheel position error jitter. A small impact on spokesize is unavoidable.

Thus there are two control loops used to implement this aspect of thepresent invention. The first control loop is the same one used in FSCsystems, which locks the motor CCINDEX signal to VSYNC. In FSC systemsthen CCINDEX asynchronously resets the sequence once per wheel rotationand no additional control loops are needed. However, with thisembodiment of the invention a second control loop is used that locksSEQINDEX to CCINDEX via clock dropping as described above.

The preferred embodiment of this invention also uses clock dropping in avery useful way—to compensate for the AC lamp light transient thatoccurs at each current commutation. One result of using clock droppingis that the reset-to-reset times are variable depending on the clockdropping setting. When clock dropping is increased, when the motor slowsdown, then the reset-to-reset times are stretched as the sequenceduration maintains a constant relationship to the wheel speed. Thismeans that the bit on-times of the bits being displayed are all altered.Also, when the reset-to-reset times are slowed down then the bit-slicestepping speed also slows down.

The AC lamp commutation light transient creates fixed-pattern artifactsin the shape of the bit-slices (e.g., curved and/or rectangular). Thelight transient brightens or darkens the active bit-slices, for aparticular image, that are applied to the DMD 122 during the lighttransient. Which bit-slices are brightened or darkened is graycodedependent.

FIG. 6 shows an exemplary light transient for an AC lamp 110. The timeT_(S) indicates the start of the commutation light transient. This startwas triggered by a lamp synchronization signal lamp sync. The lightsignal has an undershoot specified to be no more than 40% between timeT_(S) and time T_(UN) and then overshoot specified to be no more than12% between time T_(UN) and time T_(OV). The clock dropping speeds up orslows down all timing events that affect the displayed bit-slices sothat integrated light is constant for each bit-slice.

With this embodiment of the invention, the light sensor 136 is used tomeasure the intensity of white light coming from the lamp 110 during thelight transient. The light transient is then digitized using an ADC 156and continuous samples are taken during the light transient. This datacan then be used to adjust the on-times of bit-slices used with thisembodiment so that any bit weight errors due to the light transient arecompensated.

On-times of bit-slices are corrected in this embodiment using anadvanced form of clock dropping. Clock dropping is used so that thestepping speed (or scrolling speed) of the bit-slices is slowed down orspeeded up when the transient occurs. Any change in stepping speeddirectly changes the on-time for the active bit-slices. For example, ifa light reduction occurs at the start of the transient then thereset-to-reset time interval can be increased so that the bit-slicestepping can pause for a longer period until the integrated lightintensity during the current stepping position is the same as steppingpositions when no light transient occurred. Likewise, if during part ofthe transient the light is greater than the lamp overall average lightoutput, then the stepping speed can be increased to shorten biton-times.

Thus this new clock-dropping scheme adjusts bit on-times for bits thatare being displayed during the lamp light transient. Clock dropping doesreal-time correction of bit-slice weights during the light transient.This is different from prior art FSC projectors that use clock droppingto only correct sequence duration over a full wheel rotation. With thepreferred embodiment invention, on-times of all active bit-slices on theDMD have their weights compensated. Thus no fixed-pattern artifacts aregenerated during the transients.

So clock dropping in the preferred embodiment of this invention is usedfor both compensating for the AC lamp light transients and also forphase locking the free-running sequence to the color wheel as describedearlier. Further details of a specific embodiment of the clock droppingembodiments will now be described. These details provide one example ofa specific implementation, which will be described with reference toFIGS. 6, 7, and 8.

FIG. 7 shows an embodiment index detection and lamp calibration circuitand FIG. 8 shows a clock-dropping generator. These circuits are foundwithin the clock-dropping block 154 of FIG. 5. In this implementation,the clock dropping and lamp sensor functions produce a number ofoutputs:

CW index—The color wheel index indicates the color wheel timing markssensed by the lamp sensor.

Min Sample value, max sample value—The minimum sample value and maximumsample value signals indicate the minimum and maximum lamp sensor valuesthat are used by the processor to set thresholds for discriminating thecolor wheel timing marks.

Lamp sample sum—The lamp sample sum is the accumulation over aprogrammable number of lamp syncs of lamp sensor values taken at thetime of each lamp sync. These sums are used to normalize the lamp sensorinput into the clock dropping circuit.

Lamp sample incomplete—The lamp sample incomplete signal is read at thesame time as lamp sample sum signal and indicates that the lamp samplesum does not include all the lamp samples requested. This signal is anerror indicator.

Seq counter enable—The sequence counter enable signal, on each sequencerclock, determines whether the memory and reset instruction timingcounters decrement or hold. It controls both the short-term rate atwhich the sequencer executes and the overall length of the sequenceprograms. This signal is shown in FIG. 8.

In operation, referring to FIG. 5, a light to voltage transducer 136senses light from the lamp 110 as seen through the color wheel timingring (not shown). The transducer 136 is assumed to be linear and zeroreferenced. The transducer voltage is converted by a 10-bit A/Dconverter 156 with a sample rate on the order of 1 MHz. The sample clockis typically generated by the integrated circuit that includes thecircuitry of FIG. 7. (In the preferred embodiment, this integratedcircuit is an ASIC that also includes processor 146, clock droppingcircuit 154 and sequencer 148, as well as a number of other circuits). Afaster clock may be required (or desired) by the A/D device 156 forserial input. The modulated lamp light samples are assembled in the ASICat the sample rate.

These samples are used dynamically to adjust clock dropping for theshort-term sequencer execution rate to be proportional to the lampoutput. The circuit combines the lamp information with an overallsequencer rate factor set to control the sequence program period. Thiswill be described with respect to FIGS. 5 and 7.

The color wheel timing ring (not shown) effectively shuts off the lightat certain intervals in each color wheel revolution. The CW indexcircuit 158 detects these index marks. Lamp inputs to the clock droppingcircuit must be ignored during the index mark periods. The CW indexcircuit 158 includes minimum and maximum detection functions and athresholding function with hysteresis.

The minimum and maximum detect functions 162 and 164 compare eachincoming lamp sample to their stored values and replace their valueswith the new sample if the new sample is less or more, respectively,than the stored values. The processor 146 can read the stored minimumsample value and maximum sample value at any time. A circuit input(reset min/max detect) sets the stored values to 1023 for minimumdetection and 0 for the maximum detection. This input could beseparately controlled by the processor or could be tied to the readingof the minimum and maximum values.

The processor 146 uses the minimum and maximum values to determine thethresholds for the thresholding function. Two processor writableregisters 166 and 168 feed into that circuit, index threshold (high) andindex threshold (low). These registers control both the threshold andthe hysteresis range. When CW index is not true, the index threshold(low) value is compared to the lamp sample. When the lamp sample goesbelow that value (light from the lamp is cut off), the CW index goestrue. On the next sample and as long as the CW index is true, the lampsample is compared to the index threshold (high) value. The lamp samplemust exceed that value to send the CW index back to false.

The difference (determined by block 170) between the two register valuesis the margin against noise in the lamp samples. It is expected thatthere will be a fixed noise margin (H) and a fixed threshold percentage(T) determined for a system. The processor would then compute thethresholds as follows:index threshold (high)=(max sample value−min sample value)*T+min samplevalue+H/2index threshold (low)=(max sample value−min sample value)*T+min samplevalue+H/2

The processor should perform this function at a period T_(BD). Theperiod should be fast enough to detect gradual lamp variations but notso fast to disturb the CW index too often. Obviously, the cycle cannotbe shorter than the CW index period. It will probably be required moreoften at warm-up than after lamp stabilization.

Lamp normalization sampling will now be discussed. In order to normalizethe lamp samples for clock dropping, the processor 146 will need tocollect samples. The lamp sample accumulator 172 circuit performs thisfunction. When the color wheel 114 and sequencer 148 are properlyaligned so that any color wheel index marks are occurring at theexpected times, then the lamp samples should show the nominal intensityjust before a commutation event. Since the processor 146 cannot beinterrupted at every lamp sync and since the samples must be filtered,the circuit accumulates up to 31 samples taken at lamp syncs. Theprocessor 146 programs the number of samples to accumulate by writingthe desired number into the 5-bit lamp sample count register.

The accumulation is started by the lamp sample reset signal, whichclears the accumulator 172 and the 5-bit sample counter 174. This signalcould be under direct processor control or could be actuated from theprocessor reading the accumulator output. At each subsequent lamp sync,the 10-bit sample value is added to the accumulator 172 and the samplecounter 174 increments. When the counter 174 value equals the programmedlamp sample count (stored in register 176), the sample counter 174 isdisabled and the accumulator value is held. The comparison is performedby circuit 178.

The processor 146 can read the 15-bit accumulator output (lamp samplesum) at any time. The lamp sample incomplete bit read with the lampsample sum indicates if the read value includes fewer than theprogrammed number of samples. This is an error condition. Normally theprocessor 146 would ask for the number of lamp syncs in one frame (orless) and read the value once per frame.

The processor 146 uses the lamp sample sum in a T_(BD) filtering processthat computes a nominal lamp sample value, which in turn is used in thecalculation of the lamp norm factor for clock dropping.

Referring to FIG. 8, the clock dropping circuit produces the seq counterenable signal which controls, on each sequencer clock, whether thememory and reset instruction timing counters decrement or not. Theaverage duty cycle of the seq counter enable signal is functionally theproduct of two fraction (0 to 1) rate factors; one computer by theprocessor to control the overall sequence program period and the otherproduced from the lamp sensor samples to control the short-termexecution rate.

The lamp rate factor can track the instantaneous lamp intensity onlywhen the light is not being interrupted by the CW timing marks. The lamprate factor circuit has two features to handle these interruptions.

Whenever the color wheel and sequencer are not locked up and phasealigned, the processor asserts a control bit (use nominal lamp factor)that substitutes the contents of the nominal lamp factor register forthe lamp derived factor. In setup, the processor configures the nominallamp factor register with a value representing the average or nominaloperating point of the lamp intensity for that system. When theprocessor detects that the color wheel and sequencer are locked up,clearing the control bit allows the lamp generated values to be used.

The second feature to handle timing marks requires the sequencer toproduce a signal (seq CW index window) that encompasses the time of theexpected CW index mark. While this signal is true, the lamp rate factoris held at the last computed value before the signal toggled. When thesignal goes back to false, the computed factors are again used. It isexpected that the lamp commutations will be positioned so that there isno overlap with CW index marks. Holding the last value should thenproduce little error.

The dynamic lamp rate factor is the product of the raw 10-bit lampsample and the contents of the 12-bit lamp norm factor (LNF) registerperiodically set by the processor. The LNF is computed from the filterednominal lamp sample value (NLS) from lamp normalization sampling and theexpected positive lamp commutation deviation (PCD) expressed as apercentage of the nominal lamp intensity. The PCD is a constant for aparticular system design. The formula is:${LNF} = \frac{2^{20}}{\left( {1 + {PCD}} \right)*{NLS}}$

For example if PCD is 12%, then the calculation is LNF=936228/NLS. Thecalculation should be performed once per frame.

The 12-bit fractional rate factor produced by the circuit isfunctionallyLamp rate factor=MIN(4095, INT(lamp sample*LNF/256))

These formulas slow the dynamic range of lamp sampling to drop as far asone quarter of full scale, i.e., the maximum lamp sample value can dropas low as 256 and stay in range.

The sequence rate factor is set by the processor and written into the12-bit seq rate factor register. This factor is the output of thesequence rate control loop that measures the overall length of eachsequence program and compares it to the color wheel's color cycleperiod. This factor should be updated once per color cycle.

To synchronize changes in the sequence rate factor, the register outputis clocked into the circuit by the seq psync signal, which signifies thebeginning of each sequence program.

The rate accumulator circuit produces the sequence counter enable signalto control the speed of sequencer execution. On each sequence clock (seqclk), the circuit adds the 12-bit rate control value to the 12-bitprevious sum with an additional 1 carried in and saves the 12-bit sum.When the calculation step overflows, the sequence counter enable bit istrue and the sequence delay counters decrement. No overflow causes thedelay counters to hold which effectively drops that clock step andextends the sequence time line by one sequence clock period.

The rate control value is the fractional product of the two fractionalrate factors, i.e. the seq rate factor and the lamp rate factor. Thearithmetic formula for the rate control value is:Rate control=INT(seq rate*lamp rate/4096)+1

The 1 added to the rate control as well as the 1 carried into theaccumulator are used to achieve the maximum sequencer rate and cause thesequence delay counters to decrement on every clock irrespective of thesave accumulator sum. This condition will only happen when both the lamprate factor and the sequence rate factor are all 1's (4095).

The processor performs the sequence rate control loop to produce thevalue it then writes to the sequence rate factor register once per colorcycle. This rate factor will take effect at the beginning of the nextsequence program, and the sequence execution rate will be proportionalto that factor until the following program start. The period of the nextsequence program is thus inversely proportional to the rate factor.

Systems will be designed with multiple sets of sequence programs, eachset covering a specific frame rate range. The processor must select theproper set of sequence programs to run in each output frame. Thesequence ranges are designed to overlap slightly to prevent unstableoperation.

The criteria for switching to a different sequence set can be as simpleas comparing the sequence rate factor to predetermined thresholds. Ifthe rate factor exceeds the high threshold, then a switch to the nexthigher rate sequence set should be initiated. The rate factor goingbelow the low threshold should cause a switch to the next lower rateset.

Great care should be taken whenever the processor determines it isnecessary to switch sequence program sets. If two adjacent sequence setsuse the same configuration, i.e. all bit, slice, color cycle, etc.parameters are the same, then the new set can be used on the next frameboundary. On the other hand, any change to that affects relative bitweights will require some kind of input data restructuring prior toswitching sequence sets, and the switch must be timed to coincide withthe availability of the reconfigured frame data. The processor must lookup the switching requirements for each sequence set transition andperform the appropriate actions.

If input data reconfiguration is required, there will be at least oneframe delay before the sequence can be switched. If the reconfigurationcannot be done “on the fly” (without losing a frame of data), then thelast pre-switch output frame must be repeated until the firstpost-switch data is ready. This means that no buffer swap can beperformed until a complete frame of new data is ready.

Whenever the sequence set switch is performed, the sequence rate factormust be simultaneously adjusted for the new program period lengths. Theadjustment formula is:New rate factor=old rate factor*(F _(old) /F _(new))where F_(old) and F_(new) are the maximum frame rates supported by theold and new sequence sets, respectively.

For example, suppose a system has one sequence set with a 62 Hz maximumframe rate and the next higher rate set has 85 Hz maximum. Whenswitching from the 62 Hz set to the 85 Hz set, the rate factor must bemultiplied by 0.7294. When switching the other way, multiply by 1.3710.The new rate factor then becomes the basis for subsequent adjustments tothe sequence rate.

Embodiments of the present invention expand upon the clock-droppingconcepts provided in U.S. Pat. No. 5,912,712. One difference of thepreferred embodiment clock dropping and the style described in the '712patent is that the controlled sequence rate is directly proportional tothe input factor(s). The old clock dropping circuit was a “drop 1 of Nclocks” implementation, which is an inverse control.

One advantage provided by the new style is greatly improved rateresolution. As the desired sequence rate moves away from full speed, theold method would take larger and larger rate steps which made iteffectively unusable for any significant slow down. For instance,changing one step from N=10(9/10 full rate) to N=9 (8/9 full rate) wouldslow down by 1.23% or over 100 μs in a half 60 Hz frame. The old methodcan be improved by adding a second factor to make smaller steps butderiving this new factor is conceptually and computationally difficult.

The preferred embodiment method goes in 1/4096 of full speed steps allthe way to (almost) zero. An advantage is then to have fine rate controlover a wider range, which allows a single sequence program to cover moreframe rate variation and still end at the right time. This degree ofcontrol is also useful to having a free-running sequence.

Another advantage of the preferred embodiment is the use of proportionalcontrol. Because the rate is directly proportional to the input, theloop control process is simplified to multiplying the desired rate by aconstant to set the sequence rate factor. This proportionality is alsothe feature that allows the lamp rate factor to be included in hardwarewith a simple multiplier. Attempting to do this with the old style wouldhave been much more difficult.

Although the present invention and its advantages have been described indetail. It should be understood that various changes, substitutions andalterations can be made herein without departing from the spirit andscope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. Moreover, thescope of the present application is not intended to be limited to theparticular embodiments described in the specification.

1-25. (canceled)
 26. A method of controlling the timing of a spatiallight modulator, the method comprising: receiving a video timing signal;generating a spatial light modulator timing signal based upon the videotiming signal; determining the timing of a color wheel; comparing thetiming of the color wheel with the timing of the spatial light modulatortiming signal; and based upon the result of the comparing, adjusting thespatial light modulator timing signal.
 27. The method of claim 26wherein the spatial light modulator timing signal is adjusted by clockdropping.
 28. The method of claim 27 wherein the spatial light modulatortiming signal is adjusted by fixed steps.
 29. The method of claim 26 andfurther comprising: receiving a light intensity measurement signal; andadjusting the spatial light modulator timing signal based upon the lightintensity measurement signal.
 30. The method of claim 26 and furthercomprising providing the spatial light modulator timing signal to aspatial light modulator.
 31. The method of claim 30 wherein providingthe spatial light modulator timing signal to a spatial light modulatorcomprises providing the spatial light modulator timing signal to adigital micromirror device.
 32. The method of claim 26 wherein adjustingthe spatial light modulator timing signal comprises determining adesired rate and multiplying the desired rate by a constant.
 33. Amethod of controlling the timing of a spatial light modulator, themethod comprising: receiving a video timing signal; generating a spatiallight modulator timing signal based upon the video timing signal;determining the timing of a color wheel; comparing the timing of thecolor wheel with the timing of the spatial light modulator timingsignal; and based upon the result of the comparing, adjusting thespatial light modulator timing signal by changing a clock signal suchthat a clock cycle is periodically ignored.
 34. The method of claim 33and further comprising: receiving a light intensity measurement signal;and adjusting the spatial light modulator timing signal based upon thelight intensity measurement signal.
 35. The method of claim 33 whereinadjusting the spatial light modulator timing signal comprisesdetermining a desired rate and multiplying the desired rate by aconstant.
 36. The method of claim 33 and further comprising providingthe spatial light modulator timing signal to a spatial light modulator.37. The method of claim 36 wherein providing the spatial light modulatortiming signal to a spatial light modulator comprises providing thespatial light modulator timing signal to a digital micromirror device.38. A method of controlling the timing of a spatial light modulator, themethod comprising: receiving a video timing signal; generating a spatiallight modulator timing signal based upon the video timing signal;determining the timing of a color wheel; comparing the timing of thecolor wheel with the timing of the spatial light modulator timingsignal; and based upon the result of the comparing, adjusting thespatial light modulator timing signal by changing a clock signal suchthat an integer number of clock cycles are periodically ignored.
 39. Themethod of claim 38 and further comprising: receiving a light intensitymeasurement signal; and adjusting the spatial light modulator timingsignal based upon the light intensity measurement signal.
 40. The methodof claim 38 wherein adjusting the spatial light modulator timing signalcomprises determining a desired rate and multiplying the desired rate bya constant.
 41. The method of claim 38 and further comprising providingthe spatial light modulator timing signal to a spatial light modulator.42. The method of claim 41 wherein providing the spatial light modulatortiming signal to a spatial light modulator comprises providing thespatial light modulator timing signal to a digital micromirror device.